ENDING ILLEGAL SECRECY
SIRIUS DISCLOSURE
On the history of POLITICS (because it's the obvious indicator of the types of PRE HISTORY in evolution to the POST HISTORY).
by Henryk Szubinski
I TRIED HARD to FIND anything about the HISTORY of the WORLDS POLITICAL EVOLUTION but could FIND none.
There were either documentaries about specific people and their political meanings but nothing about the whole of
history and it's politics from the beginning. So knowing something about the terms usd from the age of enlightenment
and the beginnings of the "SCIENCE of HISTORY as HISTORIANS" made it easy to make such a COMPENDIUM of
the HISTORY of POLITICS.Though hidden in obscurity, the facts of the beginnings of the science of HISTORY that
HISTORIANS research as the concept that were around when it started in the 1600's to 1700's has not much mention
so to use it to define the history of politics gives it meaning where there was none.
Not about wars, or religion. The history of the politics may be defined by the ways that humans have
sought peace and peaceful end to problems and coflicts including the current politics of space and
the natural politics needed to save the Earth from over usage.
Tzars, dictators ,kings, emperors ,discoverers and peace movements and more, are among the movers into space
exploration and the "tell tales" ,of some historical rules, to interpret by.
starting with:
King Leszczynski invention of the "historian as scientific" of the age of enlightenment while being "Political sovereign" of Poland
of the 1600's to 17 00's. His work on the Philosophy of politics includes some clues to the first mentions of "HISTORIANS" and their
science as well as the works of others like Descartes, Volitaire, Isaac Newton and many more that have had their status of "enlightened"
hidden somewhere because it has been kept secret for about 300 years from the 1700's. How can you keep the main figures of the
INVENTION of HISTORY SECRET?.
and their links to the first of the "ENLIGHTENED SCIENTISTS" of the whole of our modern day beginnings.
And why?.
It includes the funding of universities as the political moves of nations to give people the right to study, where the result
becomes the "Pupilus Universalus" of a new way to see things and of an education ,given to anyone seeking it.Keep in mind that the politics may mainly be defined by the politician named and other definitions show the hidden political agendas behind them as each new political move has the result of previous or future moves.
In short each political party or representative has only the mean value of 1 year in office or time to influence so most of this displaces through history as the "TEMPORAL CAUSAL " effects of the progression.While the moves into space are the higher definitions of this.
Each has the "science of history" as the height and the low periods as well as the height of rule or it's beginning or end. These are known as FUSED HORIZONS where the politics leads to peace.Most of this has been replaced by the space age.Most of the politics in the space age are bout the "fictional contingencies of the presidence" that are mainly fictional in nature such as when the "star trek series and Walt Disney" were the main parts of living at the 50's and 60's..Other opinions may be defined as "ELECTROMAGNETISM" of the politician ( the term coined by the "SUN KING " (Ludwig the 15 th in relation to the age of enlightment).
Here then, the enlightened point of view i which the "SCIENCE OF HISTORY" or "HISTORIAN SCIENTISTS" may find that the definition of the history of politics may be functional.
THE BEGINNINGS of the PLUTARCH MOVEMENT about 80 years between BC and AD.
We're starting at the beginning of the first years of the period AD.
6 AD Herod Deposed-Herod Archelaus was deposed by the Roman Emperor, Augustus because of Herod Archelaus' brutal treatment of the Jews of Judea and Samaria.
9 AD Hsin Dynasty- Wang Mang founded the short-lived Hsin Dynasty. He instituted wide-ranging reforms that included breaking up large estates, and freeing of slaves. There was a great deal of opposition to his policies and he was eventually forced to tax slaveholding instead of releasing slaves. Wang Mang instituted a series of price controls on staples. His opponents fomented revolts against him and in 23 he was killed during one such revolt.
25 AD Han Dynasty Founded - After the death of Wang Mang, Hou Han founded the Eastern Han Dynasty. During this dynasty, which lasted until 220, Buddhism was introduced into China.
68 AD Year of the Four Emperors- The year 69 A.D. is known as the year of the four emperors. Nero was assassinated and civil war erupted to determine who would succeed him. In the course of that tumultuous year, Nero was succeeded by Galba who was followed by Otho. Otho was defeated by Vitellius and Vespasian finally established a new dynasty. Vespasian himself was the son of a tax collector from Reate. He represented a complete break with the Augustinian dynasties that preceded him.
78 AD Kushan Dynasty- The Kushan Dynasty was established by Kanishka. The Kushan Empire extended from Benares and Kabul to the Vindhayas. The Kushan capital was at Peshawar. The Kushans thrived on the Chinese-Roman trade that passed through their Empire.
96 - 180 AD Five Good Emperors - Starting with Emperor Marcus Nerva, Rome was ruled by five individuals who became known as the "Good Emperors". The Emperors maintained both domestic tranquility and relative peace on the borders. They were known for building roads and other large civil projects.
200 AD to 300 AD
220 AD Three Kingdoms- Six Dynasties- With the end of the Han Dynasty, Tsao Pei assumed power and founded the Wei Dynasty. The Wei dynasty was the first in a series of dynasties known as the Six Dynasties. While the Wei dynasty would eventually be recognized as the legitimate one, for some period of time, three competing kingdoms each claimed to be the legitimate rulers of China.
284 - 305 AD Age Of Diocletian - Diocletian became emperor in 284 A.D. He engaged in a series of reforms that reinvigorated the empire and transformed it. His actions launched the period that became known as the Late Empire
400 AD to 500 AD
476 AD Western Roman Empire Ends- The Western Roman Empire came to an end when the Emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed by German mercenaries at Ravenna. The German mercenaries then declared themselves to be the rulers of Italy.
500 AD to 600 AD
500 AD Svealand- The First Swedish State- Svealand, the first Swedish state was founded around 500 A.D. The Goths inhabited the Southern part of the Swedish peninsula. Much of what is known about early Sweden has been taken from the epic "Beowulf", written in 700 A.D.
565 AD Justinian Great- Justinian the Great died in 565 A.D. bringing to end 38 years of rule as leader of the Byzantine Empire. Under his stewardship, the Empire expanded to include all of North Africa and parts of the Middle East as well as Italy and Greece. Under Justinian, the first comprehensive compilation of Roman Law was published.
572 AD Leovigild King Of Visigoths- Leovigild the King of Visigoths set off to reinvigorate the empire. He extended the Vistigoth dominance to all parts of the Iberian Pennisular.
581 AD Sui Dynasty Reunites China- After nearly four centuries of internal divisions and strife, China was reunited under the leadership of Yang Jian. A member of a respected aristocratic family, Yang Jian founded the Sui Dynasty. Yang Jian used Buddhism to help unite the kingdom.
700 AD to 800 AD
700 AD Srivijaya Empire (Indonesia)-The Srivijaya Empire becomes the leading power in Indonesia. The Srivijayas originated in southern Sumatra. They controlled commercial trade routes through the islands.
705 AD Walid I- Malik I was succeeded by his son Walid. Under Walid's reign, the Omayyad Caliphate reached India in the East and Spain in the west. Many important structures were completed under his stewardship including the Dome of the Rock Mosque in Jerusalem.
705 AD Wu Hou Empress Of China - Wu Hou became Empress of China in 705. She was the first woman to rule China and during her reign strengthened the T'ang Dynasty.
711 AD Charlemagne- Charlemagne became the Frankish ruler in the east upon the death of his brother Caroman I. Until his brother's death, Charlemagne had ruled the Neustri and Aquitaine. In a series of campaigns, Charlemgne expanded his empire to include all of Germany
794 AD Kyoto Founded- The Kyoto period in Japanese history began when the Emperor moved the capital to a site near that of present-day Kyoto. The period lasted until 1185.
800AD to 900 AD
802 AD Angkor Period- The Angor Period began in 802, when Jayavarman II established his capital at Angor. Jayavarman united all of Cambodia, and achieved independence from Java.
813 - 833 AD Mamun The Great- The caliphate reached its most glorious period under the rule of Mamun the Great. A house of knowledge was set up in Baghdad. There the great Greek and Roman works of antiquity were translated into Arabic.
843 AD Treaty Of Verdun - Under the Treaty of Verdun, the Carolingian Kingdom of the Franks was divided into three parts. Louis II ruled the Frankish Kingdom east of the Rhine. Lothair I ruled northern Italy, part of France and Belgium; and Charles II (the Bald) ruled the western Frankish Empire, consisting of most of today's France.
860 ADKhazar Kings Convert to Judaism- The Khazar kings convert to Judaism. A Jewish dynasty of kings presides over the Khazar kingdom until the 960s.
866 - 1160 AD Fujiwara Period- The Fujiwara period began in Japan in 866. Fujiwaa Mototsune became the first civilian dictator. During this period important works of classic Japanese literature and art were produced.
872 AD Harold I King Of Norway- Harold I was responsible for the creation of modern Norway by deposing many of the petty chieftains to unify the country.
907 AD Five Dynasties Begin- The period between 907-959 was known as the period of Five Dynsties. During this period imperial control was largely limited to the Yellow River Basin.
935 AD Koryo Dynasty Founded- The Koryo Dynasty was founded in 935 by Wang Kon who had united Korea. The Koryo Dynasty established a strong central government as well as a civil service. This dynasty remained in power until 1392.
1025 AD Boleslav- First King Of Poland- Poland gained independence from the Holy Roman Empire when Boleslav I was crowned the first Polish King at Gniezno in 825. Poland quickly emerged as one of Europe's most powerful nations, extending from the Bugthe to the Elbe and from the Danube River to the Baltic Sea.
1031 AD The Ommiad Caliphate Of Spain Dissolved - After 30 years of anarchy, the Omayyad Caliphate of Spain dissolved on the death of Hisham III. Spain was divided into a number of small Muslim states.
1100 AD to 1200 AD
1113 AD Khmer Empire Reaches Peak - The Khmer Empire in present-day Cambodia was established in 600 and reached its peak under Suryavarman II. Under his leadership, the Khmer Empire was expanded to include most of the area consisting of modern-day Vietnam.
1143 AD Alfonso I King Of Portugal- Under the terms of the Treaty of Zamora in 1143, the independence of Portugal was recognized. Alfonso I became the first King.
1168 AD Oxford Founded- The school of Oxford was founded in 1168. After the founding of the University of Paris in 1200 Oxford became an offshoot of it.
1200 AD to 1300 AD
1200 AD University Of Paris Founded -Phillip II, King of France, issued a charter to establish the University of Paris. The University offered a traditional liberal education.
1215 AD Magna Carta- In 1215, a group of determined barons forced King John of England to sign the Magna Carta. Under the terms of Magna Carta, the British aristocracy was granted the rights of trial by jury and protection from arbitrary acts by the King.
1231 AD Golden Bull Of Sicily- The Golden Bull of Sicily was issued in 1212 by Frederick I. It brought about a complete reorganization of Sicily. More importantly, it constituted a complete promulgation of a code of laws for the subjects of Sicily.
1232 AD Royal Charter For Coal Fields- A royal charter was issued in 1239 for the development of the coal fields in New Castle. This began the rapid development of coal as a source of energy.
1258 AD Provisions Of Oxford- In 1258, a crisis developed in England over a new series of taxes levied by Henry III. Rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfor demanded a program of reforms be enacted by the "Mad Parliament". There would be a council of fifteen who would have veto power over the actions of the king. The council was to meet three times each year.
1270 AD Louis IX Dies- Louis IX died in 1270 while on the Eighth Crusade. His reign was marked by a huge expansion of royal power. The King's power increased at the expense of the local communal movements. The royal justice system was also greatly expanded. This was a period marked by material and cultural advances in France.
1271 AD Marco Polo- In 1271, Marco Polo -- accompanied by his father -- set off for China. They arrived in the court of the Great Khan, where Khan took the European visitors into his service.
Polo became intimately acquainted with all parts of China. When he returned to Europe after 15 years of service to the Khan, he wrote the Book of Various Experiences about his time in Asia, that garnered wide readership in Europe.
1282 King Of Denmark Accepts Limitation Of Power- Danish nobility forced Eric V to sign a Danish "Magna Carta". This document established a Danish parliament that met once each year. The King was made subordinate to the Parliament.
1291 AD Swiss Confederation Founded- Three Swiss cantons, Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden formed the League of the Three Forest Cantons in 1291. The League was established for mutual defense. The cantons made no claims of independence, but this League constituted the basis for the ultimate establishment of the Swiss state.
1300 Ad to 14 00 AD
1302 AD Philip IV Calls Meeting Of The Estates General- Philip IV of France called together representatives of the nobility, townspeople and clergy for the first time. The gathering became known as the Estates-General. Philip's main purpose in convening this group was to garner support against Pope Boniface, whose bull 'Unam Sanctum' proclaimed Papal supremacy over national leaders.
1348 AD University Of Kracow Founded The University of Kracow was founded in Poland. Its sponsor was Casimir III the King of Poland.
1360 AD Treaty of Calias- With both England and France exhausted by the war, they signed the Treaty of Calias on October 24th 1360. Under its terms, John II of France was ransomed and Edward III renounced his claim to the French throne.
1397 AD Union of Kalamar- Magaret Queen of Sweden completed the conquest of Denmark and Norway. She then went on to form the Kalamar League, which became a Union of all three countries.
1400 Ad to 1450 AD
1420 AD Chinese Capital- Peking- The Second Ming Emperor moved the capital of China from Nanking to Peking.
1420 AD Treaty of Troyes- The French under Philippe and England under Henry V signed the Treaty of Troyes. Under the terms of the treaty Henry became the the king of both France and England. Henry was allowed to occupy all the land to the Loire.
1435 AD Peace Treaty of Arras -In 1435, Duke Philip of Burgundy became weary of his alliance with the English. He signed a peace treaty with Charles VI which recognized Charles as the one king of France. Charles promised in return to punish the murders of Philip's father. The English did not accept the peace treaty and warfare continued. Charles and Philip fought together and liberated Paris from the English. A truce then ensued between Britain and France that lasted 13 years.
1450 AD Printing Press Invented- In 1450, Johannes Guttenberg invented the printing press. The invention of the press revolutionized communication and education, allowing the development of newspapers, as well as reasonably priced books
1450 AD to 1500 AD
1454 AD Treaty of Lodi -Under the term of the Treaty of Lodi hostilities ended between Venice, Milan and Florence.
1456 AD Cape Verde Islands Discovered - Cape Verde Islands off the African coast near Dakar was discovered by Alivse da Cadamosto who was employed in the service of Henry the Navigator. The islands were soon settled by the Portuguese who began to use it for the slave trade.
1475 AD Treaty of Picquinty England's Edward IV invaded France in support of the Burgundians. Edward was bought off by a payment and the promise of an annual allowance by Louus XI under the terms of the Treaty of Picquinty.
1479 AD Treaty of Alcacovas Under the treaty of Alcacovas Portugal abandoned its claim to the Castillian throne as well as its claim to the Canary Islands. The Spanish recognized the Portuguese primacy in Azores islands as well the North and West African coasts.
1480 AD Treaty of Constantinople - The 15 year war between the Ottomans and Venice ended with the signing of the Treaty of Constantinople. Under the terms of the treaty Venice was forced to cede cities along the Albanian coast to the Ottomans. Furthermore the Venetians were forced to pay for the right to trade in the Black Sea.
1492 AD Columbus Sets Sails For New World - Isabella, Queen of Spain financed the voyage of Christopher Columbus. His goal was to find a sea route to the Orient by sailing westward. He set sail on August 3, 1492 in his flagship the Santa Maria with 52 men aboard. Also sailing was the smaller Pinta and Nina. On October 12th land is sighted.
1492 AD Columbus Discovers America -In 1492, Columbus set sail from Spain to discover a westward passage to the Orient. His trip was financed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. On October 12th, after several fearful weeks at sea, Columbus finally set foot on dry land. He landed at San Salvador.
1493 AD Columbus' Second Voyage - After Columbus returns to Spain with strange animals, a live Indian and other unsusual items Queen Isabella grants Columbus enormous priviledges. He is sent back with 1,500 men and a fleet of 17 ships as the governor of the new land.
1494 AD Treaty of Tordesillas - The Treaty of Tordesillas was signed which divided the world between Portuguese and Spanish lands. The Spanish received all of the land to the West and the Portuguese to the East. This gave Portugal Africa while Spain received all of the new world with the exception of Brazil.
1497 AD John Cabot Discovers NewFoundland- John Cabot together with his son Sebastian discovered Newfoundland. He claims it for England.
1498 AD Christopher Columbus Sets Sail for Third Voyage -In 1498 Christopher Columbus set sail for his third voyage to the New World. In the course of the voyage he discovered Trinidad. In addition he apparently landed in South America.
1498 AD Vasco de Gama Sails to India -Vasco De Gama, the Portuguese explorer, arrived in India. He established a trading post, thus creating a new trade route between Europe and the East.
1498 AD Vasco De Gama lands in India -Following up on the discovery by Dias of the Cape of Good Hope, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama sets sail for India. In 1498, da Gama reached India.
1498 AD Cabot Claims North America For Great Britain -On June 24th, John Cabot, sailing on behalf of King Henry of England, sighted the coast of New Foundland. He claimed lands for England.
1513
Balboa becomes the first European to encounter the Pacific Ocean. Machiavelli writes The Prince.
1519
Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sets out to circumnavigate the globe.
(1566). Magellan reaches the Pacific, is killed by Philippine natives (1521). One of his ships under Juan Sebastián del Cano continues around the world, reaches Spain (1522).
1524
Verrazano, sailing under the French flag, explores the New England coast and New York Bay.
1535
. Sir Thomas More executed as traitor for refusal to acknowledge king's religious authority.
1543
Publication of On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies by Polish scholar Nicolaus Copernicus—giving his theory that the earth revolves around the sun.
1570
Japan permits visits of foreign ships.
1580
Francis Drake returns to England after circumnavigating the globe; knighted by Queen Elizabeth I (1581). Montaigne's Essays published.
1598
Boris Godunov becomes Russian czar. Tycho Brahe describes his astronomical experiments.
1603
Ieyasu rules Japan, moves capital to Edo (Tokyo). Shakespeare's Hamlet.
1607
Jamestown, Virginia, established—first permanent English colony on American mainland. Pocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhatan, saves life of John Smith.
1609
Samuel de Champlain establishes French colony of Quebec. The Relation, the first newspaper, debuts in Germany.
1620
Pilgrims, after three-month voyage in Mayflower, land at Plymouth Rock. Francis Bacon's Novum Organum.
1644
End of Ming Dynasty in China—Manchus come to power. Descartes's Principles of Philosophy.
1658
Cromwell dies; son Richard resigns and Puritan government collapses.
1660
English Parliament calls for the restoration of the monarchy; invites Charles II to return from France.
1661
ENLIGHTENMENT OCCURS BY INVENTION OF NEW SCIENCE OF HISTORY.
Charles II is crowned King of England. Louis XIV begins personal rule as absolute monarch; starts to build Versailles.
1682
Pennsylvania founded by William Penn.
1685
James II succeeds Charles II in England, calls for freedom of conscience (1687)
1701
The Peace of Utrecht (1714) will end the conflict and mark the rise of the British Empire.
1704
Boston News Letter—first newspaper in America.
1732
Benjamin Franklin begins publishing Poor Richard's Almanack. James Oglethorpe and others found Georgia.
1735
John Peter Zenger, New York editor, acquitted of libel in New York, establishing press freedom.
1755
U.S. postal service established.
1762
Jean Jacques Rousseau's Social Contract.
1765
. Britain imposes the Stamp Act on the American colonists.
1773
The Boston Tea Party.
1774
First Continental Congress drafts “Declaration of Rights and Grievances.”
1776
Declaration of Independence. Gen. George Washington crosses the Delaware Christmas night. Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations.
1778
Capt. James Cook discovers Hawaii.
1781
Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.
1787
The Constitution of the United States signed.
1788
French Parlement presents grievances to Louis XVI who agrees to convening of Estates-General in 1789—not called since 1613
1789
Washington elected president with all 69 votes of the Electoral College, takes oath of office in New York City. Vice President: John Adams. Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson. Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton.
1790
Philadelphia temporary capital of U.S. as Congress votes to establish new capital on Potomac. U.S. population about 3,929,000, including 698,000 slaves. Lavoisier formulates Table of 31 chemical elements.
1792
Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
1796
Washington's Farewell Address (Sept. 17); John Adams elected president; Thomas Jefferson, vice president.
1800
In the U.S., federal government moves to Washington, D.C. Robert Owen's social reforms in England.
1801
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland established with one monarch and one parliament;
1803
U.S. negotiates Louisiana Purchase from France: for $15 million, U.S. doubles its domain, increasing its territory by 827,000 sq mi (2,144,500 sq km), from Mississippi River to Rockies and from Gulf of Mexico to British North America.
1804
Lewis and Clark expedition begins exploration of what is now northwest U.S.
1808
In the U.S., Congress bars importation of slaves
820
Missouri Compromise > Missouri admitted as slave state but slavery barred in rest of Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30' N.
1821
Guatemala, Panama, and Santo Domingo proclaim independence from Spain.
1823
U.S. Monroe Doctrine warns European nations not to interfere in Western Hemisphere.
1824
Mexico becomes a republic, three years after declaring independence from Spain.
1833
Slavery abolished in British Empire.
1840
Lower and Upper Canada united.
1841
U.S. President Harrison dies (April 4) one month after inauguration; John Tyler becomes first vice president to succeed to presidency.
1844
Democratic convention calls for annexation of Texas and acquisition of Oregon (“Fifty-four-forty-or-fight”).
1846
Frederick Douglass launches abolitionist newspaper The North Star.
1854
. Antislavery men in Michigan form Republican Party
1858
Abraham Lincoln makes strong antislavery speech in Springfield, Ill.: “This Government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.” Lincoln-Douglas debates.
1865
Vice President Johnson sworn as successor.
1867
U.S. buys Alaska from Russia for $7,200,000. South African diamond field discovered. Japan ends 675–year shogun rule. Volume I of Marx's Das Kapital
1872
Congress gives amnesty to most Confederates.
1873
Economic crisis in Europe. U.S. establishes gold standard.
1877
After presidential election of 1876, electoral commission gives disputed electoral college votes to Rutherford B. Hayes despite Tilden's popular majority
1880
U.S.-China treaty allows U.S. to restrict immigration of Chinese labor.
1883
Congress creates Civil Service Commission.
1884
Berlin West Africa Conference held in Berlin (lasting until Feb. 1885), at which the major European nations discuss expansion in Africa.
1889
Second (Socialist) International founded in Paris. Indian Territory in Oklahoma opened to settlement.
1893
New Zealand becomes first country in the world to grant women the vote.
1896
Supreme Court's Plessy v. Ferguson decision—“separate but equal” doctrine.
1896
William Jennings Bryan delivers “Cross of Gold” speech at Democratic Convention in Chicago.
1901
Commonwealth Of Australia Created, On January 1st 1901 The Commonwealth of Australia was proclaimed
Socialist Revolutionary Party , The Socialist Revolutionary Party is founded in Russia.
1904
The Entente Cordiale, The Anglo-French agreement whereby they agreed to an ongoing friendly diplomacy, the settling of earlier differences, and to cooperate against Germany's increasingly prominent role in European affairs. It was not an alliance, but an agreement for international cooperation. Edward VII's favoring of France was said to have given it some support. It ceded freedom of policy to England in Egypt and Burma and to France in Morocco and and Indochina. It had heralded the arrival of a new kind of international polity.
1909
NAACP, The NAACP was formed partly in response to the continuing practice of lynching and the 1908 race riot in Springfield, the capital of Illinois. Appalled at the violence that was committed against blacks, a group of white liberals that included Mary White Ovington and Oswald Garrison Villard, issued a call for a meeting to discuss racial justice. Some 60 people, seven of whom were African American (including W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and Mary Church Terrell) attended the meeting.
1920
The League of Nations is founded but the United States votes against joining.
Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified on August 18, giving women the right to vote.
The 18th Amendment ( Volstead Act / National Prohibition Act ) goes into force at the beginning of the decade which in turn leads to increased black market alcohol that is sold in speakeasies and run by mobsters who pay off local politicians
1921
The Emergency Quota Act is passed to restrict immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.
The Communist Party of China is created.
1924
Ellis Island closes as an immigration entry point to the US.
1928
Republican candidate Herbert Hoover wins the United States presidential election after defeating the Democratic candidate, Al Smith.
1931
Australia becomes independent from England.
The Second Spanish Republic is created.
1932
Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected as the President of the United States.
1935
Emergency Relief Appropriation Act creates the WPA or Works Progress Administration to provide millions of jobs.
THE AGE OF HISTORIANS BECOME POPULAR
President Roosevelt's Revenue Act (Wealth Tax Act) begins.
1938
The Fair Labor Standards Act ( Wages and Hours Bill ) passes.
1940
Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected for an unprecedented third term as the U.S. president.
1944
President Roosevelt is elected to a fourth term in the United States, becoming the only person to ever do so. His fourth term does not last long however, as he died during the next year in April of 1945.
1945
The United Nations is created after fifty nations sign the charter.
Harry S. Truman becomes the United States President after FDR dies.
The Philippines becomes independent after being under U.S. rule for forty-eight years.
1946
The former Prime Minister of England, Winston Churchill, gives his "Iron Curtain" speech.
1948
Israel is created as an independent Jewish state.
1949
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) is established.
1951
The United States ratifies the 22nd amendment, limiting a president to two terms.
1954
U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy is censured by the Senate, ending his four year long hunt for Communists within the United States government.
1955
The Warsaw Pact is signed by the Soviet Union and seven of its satellite countries (Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, and Czechoslovakia).
1956
The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 becomes law, allowing for the mass construction of tens of thousands of interstate highways in the U.S.
1957
The USSR successfully launches Sputnik 1, the very first artificial satellite. They also launch Sputnik 2 later in the year, a satellite that carried the first animal into space.
The European Economic Community is created when West Germany, Italy, Belgium, France, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg sign the Treaty of Rome.
1958
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) is created.
1959
Alaska and Hawaii are admitted as the 49th and 50th states in the U.S.
The Soviet Union's Luna 2 spacecraft becomes the first man-made object to touch the surface of the Moon after it crashes.
The first astronauts are introduced by NASA ( John H. Glenn, Jr. and Alan Shepard, Jr. ).
1960
Democrat John F. Kennedy wins the U.S. Presidential Election after defeating Republican Richard Nixon. Kennedy became the first president and was the youngest person to have been elected into the highest office at the time.
TIROS-1, the first weather satellite, is launched by the U.S.
1961
Soviet Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first person in space. One month later, Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space.
Construction on the Berlin Wall begins in an effort to separate East and West Berlin.
WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature) is created.
1963
United States President John F. Kennedy is assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald.
U.S. Civil Rights Leader Martin Luther King Jr. gives is famous "I Have a Dream" speech.
Yugoslavia becomes a socialist federal republic and President Josip Tito is appointed as "President for Life."
1964
United States President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law.
NASA's Mariner 4 space probe successfully approaches Mars and becomes the first spacecraft to take images of a planet from deep space.
1965
The Voting Rights Act is signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson.
Soviet Cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov becomes the first person to perform a space walk.
Martin Luther King, Jr. leads a peaceful civil rights march from Selma to Montgomery in Alabama.
1966
The first episode of the popular television show "Star Trek" airs.
The Soviet Union's Luna 9 unmanned spacecraft lands on the Moon.
1967
The 25th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified.
1968
The Civil Rights Act of 1968 is signed into law by President Johnson.
Richard Nixon wins the United States presidential election.
The first manned Apollo mission, Apollo 7, is launched by NASA.
1969
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first men to arrive on the Moon during NASA's Apollo 11 mission.
The United Kingdom abolishes the death penalty.
1970
NASA's Apollo 13 Moon Mission returns to Earth successfully after abandoning its mission to the Moon after experiencing oxygen tank problems and an explosion.
1971
The U.S. voting age is lowered from 21 to 18 years old when the 26th amendment is ratified.
1972
The Watergate Scandal begins when White House operatives are caught burglarizing the Democratic National Committee
1973
The Mariner 10 space probe is launched by NASA and later becomes the first spacecraft to study Mercury.
1974
U.S. President Richard Nixon resigns from office after being implicated in the Watergate Scandal.
1976
NASA introduces the first space shuttle, the Enterprise.
Deep black (The illegal organisation that Steven Greer and the SIRIUS DISCLOSURE movement has ,by 2017 succeeded in exposing it with the film "UNACKNOWLEDGED" when we realize that as kids at this time "we were not alone" , while in 1976 the states are closed from Communism .While the kids are said to need an unspoken beginning in the space race because of Kennedy's
non generational influence on culture).:most of the people living now were kids that grew up without the STAR TREK or Disney don't remember that "space age adventurer", "John F Kennedy" had begun the human exploration of space.
The Democratic candidate, Jimmy Carter, defeats Republican incumbent Gerald Ford, to win the U.S. Presidential race.
1980
Ronald Reagan is elected as the President of the United States.
1983
Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space.
1984
China and the United Kingdom agree that the U.K. will transfer power over Hong Kong back to China in the future.
1987
Margaret Thatcher is elected as the British Prime Minister for the third time.
1988
George H.W. Bush is elected as the U.S. President after defeating Michael Dukakis.
1990
East and West Germany are reunited after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Margaret Thatcher resigns from her position as Prime Minister in the United Kingdom.
1991
Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia become independent from the former Yugoslavia.
Boris Yeltsin becomes Russia's first elected President.
1992
The European Union is created when the Maastricht Treaty is signed.
Democrat Bill Clinton is elected as the United States President.
The Mall of America opens in Minnesota.
Euro Disney is opened in France.
Bosnia and Herzegovina declare independence.
1993
Czechoslovakia separates into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
1995
The American Space Shuttle Atlantis docks with the Russian Mir Space Station for the first time.
1996
Kofi Annan becomes the Secretary General of the United Nations.
Bill Clinton is elected for a second term as the United States President after he defeats Bob Dole.
in this gap there are a lot of various politicians and their interactions are getting more poular as TV broadcasts most of it. Most of the natural disasters occur at this time.
2001
Italy
The 27th G8 summit takes place in Genoa, Italy. Massive demonstrations against the meeting by anti-globalization groups
Space
Dennis Tito becomes the first space tourist during May of 2001.
2003
U.S.
Voters recall Governor Gray Davis from office and elect Arnold Schwarzenegger to succeed him.
2004
U.S.
President George Bush beats Democratic challenger John Kerry to gain a second term of office
European Union
The EU undergoes it's largest expansion so far by accepting 10 new states into the EU Poland, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Malta, and Cyprus
U.S.
Environmental protection laws dropped to allow increased logging in US National Forests
2005
U.S.
George W. Bush starts his second term as 43rd President of the United States.
UK
Tony Blair elected for third term
U.S.
The Disneyland Resort celebrates it 50th birthday
U.S.
President George W. Bush signed the new act making it harder for those with large debts to wipe clean their financial slates by declaring bankruptcy under Chapter 7 "New Bankruptcy Law"
2006
2007
2008
U.S.
Bank of America, is to take over the country's biggest mortgage lender, Countrywide Financial which was rumored to be close to bankruptcy in a $4bn (£2.04bn) deal.
U.S.
President Bush and House leaders agree to a $150 billion stimulus package, including rebates for most tax filers of up to $600 for individuals, $1,200 for couples and, for families, an additional $300 a child.
Cuba
Fidel Castro steps down as president of Cuba after almost 50 years in power
Space
Shuttle Endeavour goes for a 16 day mission to the International Space Station.
U.S.
President Bush signs the $700 billion bailout / Rescue package bill ( Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 ) is signed into law
2010
World
The financial crisis and high unemployment continues with house prices still depressed due to the large number of foreclosures. Europe and America begin to pursue different courses to address the problems with Europe addressing budget deficits and the U.S. continuing to try and spend the way out of the recession by creating more jobs.
China
China launches their second moon probe, Chang'e 2.
United States
SpaceX successfully launched Dragon capsule and it returns from low-Earth orbit.
2011
United States -- June Spacecraft Launches
NASA launches the Juno spacecraft during August of 2011. Juno s mission was to conduct a long, scientific study of Jupiter, the solar system s largest planet while orbiting around its poles. The space probe was set to examine the magnetic field, composition, and gravity field of the gas giant planet. It also had the core mission of studying the atmosphere to look for evidence of water. Juno arrived at Jupiter during July of 2016.
Russia
Russia officially became a part of the World Trade Organization after taking part in a ceremony in Switzerland. Eighteen years were spend negotiating the country's membership and Russia was finally added to the organization after making a deal with Georgia who had been trying to block Russia's membership.
2012
United States
The Mars Science Laboratory or "Curiosity Rover" successfully lands on Mars.
United States
The retired US Space Shuttle Endeavour has arrived at is final destination in a museum in Los Angeles after its journey was delayed due to trees, street lights, power lines and other such objects being in the way of its path.
China
China launched its latest space mission that would include the country's first woman astronaut.
2013
United States
President Obama is inaugurated for his second term on January 21st.
2017 UNACKOWLEDGED
Disclosure Project founder Dr. Steven M. Greer offers evidence of extraterrestrial contact, including top-secret testimonials, documents and never-before-seen UFO footage.